中华人民共和国技术引进合同管理条例(附英文)
国务院
中华人民共和国技术引进合同管理条例(附英文)
1985年5月24日,国务院
第一条 为了进一步扩大对外经济技术合作,提高我国科学技术水平,促进国民经济发展,特制定本条例。
第二条 本条例规定的技术引进是指中华人民共和国境内的公司、企业、团体或个人(以下简称受方),通过贸易或经济技术合作的途径,从中华人民共和国境外的公司、企业、团体或个人(以下简称供方)获得技术,其中包括:
(一)专利权或其他工业产权的转让或许可;
(二)以图纸、技术资料、技术规范等形式提供的工艺流程、配方、产品设计、质量控制以及管理等方面的专有技术;
(三)技术服务。
第三条 引进的技术必须先进适用,并且应当符合下列一项以上的要求:
(一)能发展和生产新产品;
(二)能提高产品质量和性能,降低生产成本,节约能源或材料;
(三)有利于充分利用本国的资源;
(四)能扩大产品出口,增加外汇收入;
(五)有利于环境保护;
(六)有利于安全生产;
(七)有利于改善经营管理;
(八)有助于提高科学技术水平。
第四条 受方和供方必须签订书面的技术引进合同(以下简称合同),并由受方在签字之日起的三十天内提出申请书,报中华人民共和国对外经济贸易部或对外经济贸易部授权的其他机关(以下简称审批机关)审批;审批机关应当在收到申请书之日起的六十天内决定批准或不批准;经批准的合同自批准之日起生效。在规定的审批期限内,如果审批机关没有作出决定,即视同获得批准,合同自动生效。
第五条 技术引进合同的签订,应当遵守《中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法》和其他法律的有关规定。
下列事项,双方应当在合同中加以明确:
(一)引进的技术的内容、范围和必要的说明,其中涉及专利和商标的应当附具清单;
(二)预计达到的技术目标以及实现各该目标的期限和措施;
(三)报酬、报酬的构成和支付方式。
第六条 供方应当保证自己是所提供的技术的合法拥有者,并且保证所提供的技术完整、无误、有效,能够达到合同规定的目标。
第七条 受方应当按照双方商定的范围和期限,对供方提供的技术中尚未公开的秘密部分,承担保密义务。
第八条 合同的期限应当同受方掌握引进技术的时间相适应,未经审批机关特殊批准不得超过十年。
第九条 供方不得强使受方接受不合理的限制性要求;未经审批机关特殊批准,合同不得含有下列限制性条款:
(一)要求受方接受同技术引进无关的附带条件,包括购买不需要的技术、技术服务、原材料、设备或产品;
(二)限制受方自由选择从不同来源购买原材料、零部件或设备;
(三)限制受方发展和改进所引进的技术;
(四)限制受方从其他来源获得类似技术或与之竞争的同类技术;
(五)双方交换改进技术的条件不对等;
(六)限制受方利用引进的技术生产产品的数量、品种或销售价格;
(七)不合理地限制受方的销售渠道或出口市场;
(八)禁止受方在合同期满后,继续使用引进的技术;
(九)要求受方为不使用的或失效的专利支付报酬或承担义务。
第十条 合同报批必须提交下列文件:
(一)报批申请书;
(二)合同副本和合同译文文本;
(三)签约双方法律地位的证明文件。
第十一条 修订合同或延长合同期限,都应当比照本条例第四条、第十条的规定办理。
第十二条 本条例由对外经济贸易部负责解释;施行细则由对外经济贸易部制定。
第十三条 本条例自发布之日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OFTECHNOLOGY-INTRODUCTION CONTRACTS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OF
TECHNOLOGY-INTRODUCTION CONTRACTS
(Promulgated by the State Council on May 24, 1985)
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated with a view to further expanding foreign
economic and technological cooperation, upgrading the scientific and
technological level of the country and promoting the national economic
growth.
Article 2
Introduction of technology referred to in these Regulations means
acquisition of technology by any corporation, enterprise, organization or
individual within the territory of the People's Republic of China
(hereinafter referred to as the recipient) from any corporation,
enterprise, organization, or individual outside the territory of the
People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the supplier), by
means of trade or economic and technical cooperation, such as:
1. assignment or licensing of patent or other industrial property rights;
2. proprietary technology provided in the forms of drawings, technical
data, technical specifications, etc, such as technological processes,
formulae, product designs, quality control and management skills;
3. technical services.
Article 3
The technology to be introduced must be advanced and appropriate and shall
at least conform to one of the following requirements:
1. capable of developing and producing new products;
2. capable of improving quality and performance of products, reducing
production cost and lowering consumption of energy or raw materials;
3. favourable to maximum utilization of local resources;
4. capable of expanding product export and increasing earnings of foreign
exchange;
5. favourable to environmental protection;
6. favourable to production safety;
7. favourable to improvement of management;
8. contributing to advancement of scientific and technical level.
Article 4
The recipient and the supplier shall conclude in written form a
technology-introduction contract (hereinafter referred to as the
contract). An application for examination and approval of the contract
shall be submitted by the recipient, within days from the date of
conclusion, to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade of the
People's Republic of China or to any other agency authorized by the
Ministry (hereinafter referred to as the examining and approving
authorities). The examining and approving authorities shall decide to
approve or disapprove the contract within 60 days from the date of
receipt. An approved contract shall come into effect as of the date of
approval. Contracts on which the examining and approving authorities does
not make a decision within the specified period of time shall be regarded
as approved and shall come into effect automatically.
Article 5
The conclusion of technology-introduction contracts must comply with the
relevant provisions of the Law of the People's Republic of China on
Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interest and other laws.
The contracting parties must specify in the contract the following items:
1. contents, scope and essential description of the technology to be
introduced, and a list of patents and trademarks if they are involved;
2. technical targets to be attained and the time limit and measures for
attaining the targets; and
3. remuneration, composition of remuneration and modes of payment.
Article 6
The supplier shall ensure that it is the lawful owner of the technology to
be provided and that the technology provided is complete, accurate,
effective and capable of attaining the technical targets specified in the
contract.
Article 7
The recipient shall undertake the obligation to preserve, in accordance
with the scope and duration agreed upon by both parties, the non-open
technical secrets contained in the technology provided by the supplier.
Article 8
The duration of the contract shall conform to the time needed by the
recipient to assimilate the technology provided and, unless specially
approved by the examining and approving authorities, shall not exceed ten
years.
Article 9
The supplier shall not oblige the recipient to accept requirements which
are unreasonably restrictive. Unless specially approved by the examining
and approving authorities, a contract shall not include any of the
following restrictive provisions:
1. requiring the recipient to accept additional conditions which are not
related to the technology to be introduced, such as requiring the
recipient to purchase unnecessary technology, technical service, raw
materials, equipment or products;
2. restricting the freedom of choice of the recipient to obtain raw
materials, parts and components or equipment from other sources;
3. restricting the development and improvement by the recipient of the
introduced technology;
4. restricting the acquisition by the recipient of similar or competing
technology of the same kind from other sources;
5. non-reciprocal terms for exchange of improved technology between the
contracting parties;
6. restricting the quantity, variety or sales price of products to be
turned out by the recipient with the technology acquired;
7. unreasonably restricting the sales channels or export markets of the
recipient;
8. forbidding the continued use by the recipient of the acquired
technology after expiration of the contract; and/or
9. requiring the recipient to pay for or to undertake obligations for
patents which are unused or no longer effective.
Article 10
In applying for approval of a contract, the following documents shall be
submitted:
1. a written application for approval of the contract;
2. copies of the contract and its translation; and
3. documents certifying the legal status of the contracting parties.
Article 11
Any revision or renewal of a contract shall be in accordance with the
provisions stipulated in Article 4 and Article 10 of these Regulations.
Article 12
The authority to interpret these Regulations and to formulate the rules
for implementing these Regulations resides in the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
Article 13
These Regulations shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation.
弱智女频遭性侵害问题应引起社会的广泛关注
杨梅/吉洪忠
根据中国残联提供的数字,目前中国有弱智女性约600万人。而且每年还以7万人左右的速度增长。这是一个非常值得关注的庞大群体!在两性区别上,女性在体能上便输于男性,而弱智女性,除了精神发育迟滞外,还丧失了性自我防卫能力,这一劣势地位,使弱智女频繁成为性侵犯的受害者。强奸犯罪因其严重侵犯妇女的性权利,一直视为我国刑法严厉打击的重点,近年来强奸案件在严厉打击下已逐年减少,但是强奸案件中弱智女遭侵害的比例却呈上升趋势。笔者对某区2003年至2005年审查批捕的强奸弱智女的26件案件进行分析、探讨以期能引起社会对弱智女权利的广泛关注。
一、弱智女遭受性侵害案件的特点。
1、 被侵害的手段简单。弱智女辨别是非的能力差,禁不起诱惑,只要能得到几毛钱或一些水果、糖果之类的物品吃,就“自愿”与他人发生性关系。2004年5月的一天下午,犯罪嫌疑人张某某在路边吃西瓜,见弱智女宗某路过其家门前,上前搭讪,以给西瓜吃为手段,将弱智女宗某诱至附近草堆旁对其实施了奸淫。
2、 往往遭受多人次侵害。行为人利用弱智女对性行为的认识能力差,被强奸后也不知去寻求救济,因而经常性加害弱智女。犯罪嫌疑人王某见到其家玩的本组弱智女孩李某,便产生强奸之念,遂以给水果吃为手段,将李某诱至屋内,以玩玩的名义在自家床上对李某实施强奸。王某见弱智女被奸淫后无任何反应,事隔一个月,犯罪嫌疑人又以同样手段在自家床上对李某实施强奸。之后的日子里,王某又多次对李某实施奸淫。
3、 侵害人多为老年人。一些老年男子妻子已逝,由于种种原因未能再婚,但由于生理上的需要与体能上的缺陷之间的矛盾,往往就把罪恶之手伸向了无性防卫能力的弱智女。2004年3月的一天,犯罪嫌疑人姚某(73岁)见邻居的弱智女孩林某,顿生淫念,遂采取给好吃的东西为手段,将林女带至其家床上对其实施了奸淫。
4、 多发生在农村。在发生26件奸淫弱智女犯罪案件中,25件起发生在农村。
5、 公安机关侦破难。由于弱智女智力低下,认识能力差、记忆模糊,有时候自己被人强奸,也记不起来,给侦破工作带来很多困难。如弱智女王某被人强奸后致其怀孕,公安机关询问其被谁强奸,王某指认了十余人,公安机关门将王某的胎儿绒毛组织与其所指认的人的血液送有关部门检验,其结果是:胎儿与其所指认的人都无血缘关系。这表明造成王晶怀孕的另有其人,但由于王某讲不清楚给公安机关侦破带来了难度。
二、弱智女遭受性侵害的原因。
1、 缺乏对性知识的了解。弱智女由于智力障碍,接受事物的能力差,对其教育比较困难。在农村,许多人谈性色变,认为是有伤风雅之事,因而闭而不谈性知识。作为弱智女接受这方面的知识就更少了。当自己遭受性侵犯时还不认为是权利受到侵害。
2、 缺乏辨别是非、抵御性侵害的能力。弱智女思考问题十分简单,常凭直觉行事,至青春发育期,他们对异性产生本能的亲近感,对陌生人的抚摸和出轨的行为一般不会反抗。假如遇到心怀不轨的人,弱智女就很容易吃亏。2005年8月份的一天下午,在县城里打工的农民姚某到到公园遛达,忽然发现有一女子老是盯着他看,姚某觉得“有戏”,便主动上前搭讪,聊了没几句,姚某就觉得该女子脑子有问题,但看她对一些轻佻的举动没有反感,就动了歪脑筋,将她带到了一个空建筑工地上,与其发生了性关系。
3、 监护不到位。在农村,弱智女的监护人多为农民,整天忙于农活,疏于对弱智女看管。他们认为只要给弱智女孩吃饱饭就行了,反正是女孩,又不愁嫁不出去。平时未尽到监护人的职责,当弱智女遭受侵害后,甚至还不敢相信。某村的刘大婶平时只知劳作,对自己的弱智女儿小花监护不周。2005年正月的一天,刘大婶到邻居家串门,邻居的问话让监护人王某面红耳赤,心惊肉跳。邻居道:“你觉得你闺女的肚子大了,走路的姿势跟以前不一样了,是不是怀上了……”话没说完,刘大婶便生气地打断她的话:“别瞎说,谁不知道我闺女快30(岁)了,还没有婆家! ”后经检查应验了刘大婶的话。此时,王某才意识到平时对女儿监管不到位,给女儿带来了不幸。
4、 行为人极容易达到目的,而不容易受到追究。行为人往往只采取哄骗、恐吓等简单手段就能达到奸淫的目的,而弱智女性却茫然不知所以,虽然有的长时间持续受到侵害,不要说拿起法律武器,就是连告知父母、丈夫保护自己都做不到。特别是精神迟滞重度的女性,竟无法说明是何人侵害了自己,使犯罪分子逃脱了法律的追究,因而一些犯罪分子有恃无恐。
三、如何保障弱智女的权益不受侵害。
一、加大普法教育工作力度,不断提高农民群众的法律素质。这类案件多发生在农村,所以在农村应加大普法教育宣传范围,开展法律知识专题讲座,让各乡镇基层组织定期组织群众学习,通过以案说法的形式,提高人民群众的法律意识,让农民群众知道、了解强奸弱智女要受到法律的严惩的,打消其“讨便宜”的邪念,使其放弃犯意,扼住犯罪源头。
二、深入开展荣辱观教育,提高全社会的道德素质。加强明礼诚信、爱国守法的道德教育,做到明辨是非,从道德上约束自己,对弱智女做到既不歧视、更不侵犯。
三、加大保护弱势群体力度。重点加强对弱智女家庭人员的警示教育,建议充分发挥新闻媒体的宣传作用,地方由政府组织妇联等基层单位警示弱智女性的监护人提高警惕,尽到监护职责。乡(镇)政府和村、居等基层组织工作人员应积极开展帮扶活动,帮助有弱智女孩的家庭将女孩送往智障学校,根据弱智女孩的精神迟滞程度分别让弱智女孩学习文化知识和自我保护知识,使其掌握基本生存本领,提高自我保护意识,抵御外来侵害。
四、严惩侵犯弱智女孩罪犯 。弱智女是弱势群体,法律上应该给予特别的保护,对强奸弱智女孩的罪犯更要严惩不怠,以起到威慑作用。虽然弱智女孩与别人发生性关系时不反抗,表面上看是自愿的,但这是她们智力发育不全,对性行为缺乏辨别能力和保护能力所致,对这种罪行,应该参照强奸幼女犯罪量刑。
五、建议计划生育部门加大宣传力度,进一步做好“优生优育”工作,减少弱智孩子的出生。坚持好计划生育这一基本国策,以全面提高人口质量和人口素质。